2. Metformin - PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021

Chapter 1 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 1. General Pharm (15)

• 1. Gs - Gi Signaling Pathway
• 2. Gq Signaling Pathway
• 3. Alpha-1 (Adrenergic) Receptors
• 4. Alpha-2 (Adrenergic) Receptors
• 5.Beta-1 (Adrenergic) Receptors
• 6. Beta-2 (Adrenergic) Receptors
• 7. Beta-3 (Adrenergic) Receptors
• 8. M1 (Muscarinic) Receptors
• 9. M2 (Muscarinic) Receptors
• 10. D1 (Dopamine) Receptors
• 11. D2 (Dopamine) Receptors
• 12. H1 (Histamine) Receptors
• 13. H2 (Histamine) Receptors
• 14. V1 (Vasopressin) Receptors
• 15. V2 (Vasopressin) Receptors

Chapter 2 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 2. Cholinomimetics (9)

• 1. Bethanechol
• 2. Carbachol
• 3. Methacholine
• 4. Pilocarpine
• 5. Donepezil Rivastigmine and Galantamine
• 6. Edrophonium
• 7. Neostigmine
• 8. Physostigmine
• 9. Pyridostigmine

Chapter 3 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 3. Anticholinergics (5)

• 1. Atropine (Homatropine and Tropicamide)
• 2. Glycopyrrolate
• 3. Hyoscyamine and Dicyclomine
• 4. Oxybutynin Solifenacin Tolterodine
• 5. Scopolamine

Chapter 4 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 4. Sympathomimetics and Sympatholytics (11)

• 1. Dopamine
• 2. Fenoldopam
• 3. Dobutamine
• 4. Epinephrine
• 5. Norepinephrine
• 6. Isoproterenol
• 7. Midodrine
• 8. Phenylephrine and Pseudoephedrine
• 9. (Alpha) Methyldopa
• 10. Clonidine (and Guanfacine)
• 11. Tizanidine

Chapter 5 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 5. Alpha and Beta Blockers (7)

• 1. Phenoxybenzamine
• 2. Phentolamine
• 3. Alpha-1 Antagonists (Prazosin_ Terazosin_ Tamsulosin)
• 4. Beta-1 Selective Blockers (Atenolol_ Esmolol_ Metoprolol)
• 5. Combined Alpha-Beta Blockers (Carvedilol_ Labetalol)
• 6. Non-selective Beta-Blockers (Propranolol_ Timolol)
• 7. Nebivolol

Chapter 6 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 6. Cardiovascular Pharm (24)

• 1. Adenosine
• 2. Magnesium
• 3. Nitroprusside
• 4. Nitrates
• 5. Ivabradine
• 6. Digoxin_ Digitoxin_ and Digitalis
• 7. Class IA Antiarrhythmics
• 8. Class IB Antiarrhythmics
• 9. Class IC Antiarrhythmics
• 10. Class II Antiarrhythmics
• 11. Class III Antiarrhythmics - Amiodarone
• 12. Class III Antiarrythmics - Sotalol
• 13. Class III Antiarrhythmics - Ibutilide_ Dofetilide
• 14. Class IV Antiarrhythmics - Verapamil_ Diltiazem
• 15. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
• 16. Ezetimibe
• 17. Fibrates
• 18. PCSK9 Inhibitors (Alirocumab_ Evolocumab)
• 19. Fish Oil and Omega-3s
• 20. Milrinone
• 21. Aliskiren
• 22. Hydralazine
• 23. Ranolazine
• 24. Sacubitril

Chapter 7 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 7. Diabetes Drugs (10)

• 1. Insulin Preparations
• 2. Metformin
• 3. Glitazones - Thiazolidinediones
• 4. First-Gen Sulfonylureas
• 5. Second-Gen Sulfonylureas
• 6. Meglitinides
• 7. GLP-1 Analogs
• 8. DPP-4 Inhibitors
• 9. alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
• 10. Pramlintide

Chapter 8 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 8. Other Endocrine Pharm (7)

• 1. Thionamides (PTU vs Methimazole)
• 2. Levothyroxine (T4) vs Liothyronine (T3)
• 3. Demeclocycline
• 4. ADH Antagonists (Conivaptan_ Tolvaptan)
• 5. Desmopressin
• 6. Cinacalcet
• 7. Sevelamer

Chapter 9 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 9. Gastroinpremiuminal Pharm (14)

• 1. H2 Blockers (Cimetidine_ Ranitidine_ Famotidine)
• 2. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
• 3. Antacids
• 4. Bismuth and Sucralfate
• 5. Misoprostol
• 6. Octreotide
• 7. Diphenoxylate vs. Loperamide
• 8. Ondansetron
• 9. Metoclopramide
• 10. Orlistat
• 11. Bulk-forming Laxatives (Psyllium_ Methylcellulose)
• 12. Senna
• 13. Docusate
• 14. Aprepitant

Chapter 10 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 10. Heme Pharm (9)

• 1. Warfarin
• 2. Heparin
• 3. Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH)
• 4. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (Argatroban_ Dabigatran_ Bivalirudin)
• 5. Factor Xa Inhibitors (Apixaban_ Rivaroxaban_ Edoxaban)
• 6. Thrombolytics (tPA_ Streptokinase_ Urokinase)
• 7. ADP Receptor Inhibitors
• 8. PDE3 Inhibitors (Cilostazol_ Dipyridamole)
• 9. Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Inhibitors

Chapter 11 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 11. Oncology Pharm (25)

• 1. Bleomycin
• 2. Dactinomycin_ Actinomycin D
• 20. Bortezomib_ Carfilzomib
• 21. Trastuzumab
• 22. Dabrafenib_ Vemurafenib
• 23. Raloxifene and Tamoxifen
• 24. Hydroxyurea
• 25. Procarbazine
• 3. Doxorubicin_ Daunorubicin
• 4. Azathioprine_ 6-MP
• 5. Cladribine
• 6. Cytarabine
• 7. Busulfan
• 8. Cyclophosphamide_ Ifosfamide
• 9. Nitrosoureas
• 10. Paclitaxel
• 11. Vincristine_ Vinblastine
• 12. Cisplatin_ Carboplatin_ Oxaliplatin
• 13. Etoposide_ Teniposide
• 14. Irinotecan_ Topotecan
• 15. Bevacizumab
• 16. Erlotinib
• 17. Cetuximab_ Panitumumab
• 18. Imatinib_ Dasatinib
• 19. Rituximab

Chapter 12 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 12. Musculoskeletal Pharm (16)

• 1. Aspirin
• 2. Acetaminophen
• 3. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
• 4. Celecoxib
• 5. NSAIDs
• 6. Leflunomide
• 7. Bisphosphonates
• 8. Teriparatide
• 9. Cyclobenzaprine
• 10. Dantrolene
• 11. Etanercept
• 12. TNF Inhibitors (Infliximab_ Adalimumab. Certolizumab_ Golimumab)
• 13. Allopurinol-Febuxostat
• 14. Probenecid
• 15. Rasburicase
• 16. Colchicine

Chapter 13 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 13. Antiepileptics (9)

• 1. Valproic Acid (Valproate)
• 2. Carbamazepine
• 3. Ethosuximide
• 4. Gabapentin
• 5. Lamotrigine
• 6. Levetiracetam
• 7. Barbituates (Phenobarbital_ Thiopental)
• 8. Topiramate
• 9. Vigabatrin

Chapter 14 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 14. Anesthetics (8)

• 1. Ketamine
• 2. Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-blocking Drugs
• 3. Succinylcholine
• 4. Halothane and Fluranes
• 5. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
• 6. Propofol
• 7. Thiopental
• 8. Local Anesthetics

Chapter 15 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 15. Other Neuro Pharm (22)

• 1. Ramelteon
• 2. Triptans
• 3. Benzodiazepines - Function
• 4. Suvorexant
• 5. Baclofen
• 6. Zolpidem Zaleplon Eszopiclone
• 7. Bromocriptine (Ergot Dopamine Agonists)
• 8. Pramipexole_ Ropinirole
• 9. Amantadine
• 10. Levodopa_ Carbidopa
• 11. Entacapone_ Tolcapone
• 12. Selegiline and Rasagiline
• 13. Benztropine_ Trihexyphenidyl
• 14. Memantine
• 15. Riluzole
• 16. Tetrabenazine
• 17. Full Opioid Agonists
• 18. Partial Opioid Agonists
• 19. Dextromethorphan
• 20. Tramadol
• 21. Naloxone
• 22. Naltrexone

Chapter 16 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 16. Psych Pharm (14)

• 1. Lithium
• 2. Typical Antipsychotics
• 3. Atypical Antipsychotics
• 4. SSRIs
• 5. SNRIs
• 6. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
• 7. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
• 8. Buproprion
• 9. Mirtazapine
• 10. Trazodone
• 11. Vilazodone
• 12. Vortioxetine
• 13. Varenicline
• 14. Buspirone

Chapter 17 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 17. Renal Pharm (9)

• 1. ACE Inhibitors
• 2. Aldosterone Receptor Blockers (Spironolactone_ Eplerenone)
• 3. Ethacrynic Acid
• 4. Loop Diuretics (Furosemide_ Bumetanide_ Torsemide)
• 5. Mannitol
• 6. Acetazolamide
• 7. ENaC Blockers (Amiloride_ Triamterene)
• 8. Thiazide Diuretics
• 9. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Chapter 18 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 18. Reproductive Pharm (12)

• 1. Leuprolide (and Goserelin)
• 2. Anastrozole
• 3. Estrogens
• 4. Clomiphene
• 5. Mifepristone (Antiprogrestin)
• 6. Danazol
• 7. Terbutaline_ Ritodrine
• 8. Androgens - Testosterone _ Methyltestosterone
• 9. Finasteride
• 10. Flutamide
• 11. PDE-5 Inhibitors (Sildenafil_ Vardenafil_ Tadalafil)
• 12. Minoxidil

Chapter 19 PIXORIZE Pharmacology 2021: 19. Respiratory Pharm (12)

• 1. Ipratropium vs Tiotropium
• 2. Albuterol vs Salmeterol
• 3. Fluticasone and Budesonide
• 4. Montelukast and Zafirlukast
• 5. Zileuton
• 6. Omalizumab
• 7. Cromolyn and Nedocromil
• 8. 1st Generation Antihistamines
• 9. 2nd-Generation Antihistamines
• 10. Guaifenesin
• 11. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (Bosentan)
• 12. Prostaglandin Analogs (Epoprostenol_ Iloprost)